英 [ˈbækwəd lʊkɪŋ] 美 [ˈbækwərd lʊkɪŋ]
adj. 保守的；退缩的；回顾过去的
backward-looking //
形容词 If you describe someone or something as backward-looking, you disapprove of their attitudes, ideas, or actions because they are based on old-fashioned opinions or methods. 保守的
...a stagnant, backward-looking culture.
...一种停滞不前、守旧的文化。
更贴近实际的是，新计价 决策中有一部分在 1 期形成向后看（backward-looking）的预期，还有一部分的 在1 期形成向前看（forward-looking）的预期。
... backward-compatible反向兼容 backward-looking过去的 backwardation交割延期费 ...
...值得注意的是 CGG 模型与 Taylor 规则相比强调的是前瞻性（Forward-looking）的政策设定，而后者是 后顾性 （ Backward-looking ）的政策设定。模型中 n 在具体估计时，根据使用的数据的频率而变。
一般情况下，任何单纯的相关变- 2 - 量的历史为基础的“后顾型”（backward-looking ）的预期形成方法，都易于产生系统误差。由于这些误差会增加经济代理人的成本，可以料想，经济代理人会寻找更好的预测方法。
保守的；退缩的；回顾过去的
In addition, statistics collection systems are backward-looking.
另外，统计收集系统是保守的。
Accounting rules now encourage a backward-looking, quantitative approach.
会计规则现在鼓励采取向后看的量化方式。
Suppose we want a stream of positive random Numbers less than one that obey a backward-looking constraint.
假设我们想要一串正的随机数字流，它比服从向后参考约束的数字流要小。
They are backward-looking and don't reflect Fed errors until a year or two after the crime.
Other firms claim that their backward-looking and forward-looking measures are even more closely correlated.
It is clearly backward-looking as well as forward-looking and in its worst forms it is a licence for fraudsters.